天花板效应什么意思 天花板效应产生原因

 ouerhuitingjianzhouweirentaolunshuoyaobimian tianhuabanxiaoying ，keshitianhuabanxiaoyingshishenmeyisi，tachanshengdeyuanyinshishenmeni?jintiangenzhehuazhenxiaobianyiqilailejieyixiaba。

一、天花板效应什么意思?

 tianhuabanxiaoyingyouchenggaoxianxiaoying，shizhidangyaoqiubeishiwanchengderenwuguoyurongyi，suoyoubutongshuiping(shuliang)dezibianliangdouhuodehenhaodejieguo，bingqiemeiyoushenmechabiedeqingkuang。yizuaimouxieyouzigederen(tebieshinvxing)zaizuzhizhongshangshengdaoyidingdezhiwei。

 yingwenming：ceiling effect，zongdelaishuo‘tianhuabanxiaoying’zhiceyantimuguoyurongyi，erzhishidabufengetidefenpubianjiaogaodexianxiang。

 jugejiandandelizilaishuomingyixia：laoshiweileceshiyixiaxueshengdexuexishuiping，erchuleyifenjuanzi，ruguozheifenjuanziguoyujiandan，jieguoshixueshengpubianqudelegaofen。congerwufacongfenshuzhongjianyanchuxueshengdexuexishuiping。neimezheizhongxianxiangjiujiao“tianhuabanxiaoying”。

 “tianhuaban”yongzuoceyanzhongdezuigaodefenhuowanchengmouxiangzuoyedexiandu。tianhuabanxiaoyingyonglaizhi：①zaiceyanzhong，dangshouceyanzhedaolilunshangdeshangxianshisuohuodefenshudeshijixiandu。②zaixingweiyanjiuzhong，biaoshishoushizaibiaoxianzhongyishiyongnengli。③zaiyaolixuezhong，zhinengchanshengsuoqiwangxiaoguodeyaowudejiliang。

 ertianhuabanxianxiangshizhizaiganbuchengzhangguochengzhong，daduoshurendadaoyidingjibiehou，jinshengkongjianbianhuiyuelaiyuexiao，congerzaibutongjieduanyudaozishenshitude“tianhuaban”dezhuangkuang。zaocheng“tianhuaban”kunjudeyuanyinduozhongduoyang，biruzhiduanpai、xueliwenti、nianling，xingbie，zhongzuyinsudengdeng。

 miandui“tianhuaban”，ruobunenglixingyingdui，jiuhuizaiyidingchengdushangchuxianfumianxintai，qingzheyincisangshigongzuodongli、deguoqieguo，zhongzhekenengyiquanmousi、zouruqitu。yinci，gaoduguanzhuherenzhenpouxi“tianhuaban”kunjudexingchengjizhi、zaoyu“tianhuaban”deganbudexintaizhuangtaideng，wulunduigetichengzhanghaishiganbuduiwujianshe，doujuyouzhongyaoyiyi。

二、效应产生的原因：

1、时间的因素

 renmenrenwei，jishishizuiyouxiude*，yewangwangmeiyoushijianchuanguozhangzhangdeqiyejinshengqudaodadaoqiyedegaoceng。duiyugaojiguanlirenyuanlaishuo，jibendetiaojianshi：shuoshixueweijiashang25niandegongzuojingyan。20shiji70niandai，zhengshidangjingaocengjinglimenbiyedeshihou，neishijinyoubudao5%defalvhegongshangguanlishuoshidexueweishouyule*。erxianzaimeiguoyou40%defalvxueweihe35%degongshangguanlishuoshixueweibei*huode。

 suoyi，youliyouxiangxin*zaiqiyezhongzhanjuguanlizhiweideshuzijianghuizaiweilaiyousuoshangsheng。biruzaimeiguo，1972nian*zaiqiyezhongzhanju17.6%deguanlizhiwei，xianzaizeshi35%。danshi，*zaiqiyedegaocengzhiweifangmiandejinbubingbumingxian。

2、母性理论

 youshirenmenrenwei，tianhuabanzheizhongxiaoyingshiyouyu*teyoudetianxinghetezhizaochengde。*zaizhiyefazhandedaolushang，rongyiweijiatinghefuyuzinverfenxin。jishitamennenggouhenkuaidifanhuigongzuo，tamenye yijingluohouyuqitadenanxingtongshile。youqishizhaogu*deyuanyin，tamenwangwangcuoguoleyixiezhongyaodefazhanjihui。biru，daohaiwaidezhangqigongzuorenwu，yukehulianxujiwandetanpan，henkuaidigaibianjihuadengdeng。henshaoyougongsinenghushizheixiewenti，suoyidaduoshuqiyeanpai*jinrubuchengdanleisigongzuodebumen(birurenliziyuanhexinxigoutongdengbumen)。zheiyangyilai，*dezhiyejingyanshoudao*，yejiunanyidadaogenggaodezhiweile。

3、男性的刻板印象

 haiyourenrenwei，tianhuabanxiaoyingzhuyaoshiyunanxingdekebanyinxiangxiangguan。zaihenduoqiye，zheizhongkebandeyinxiangshenzhiyijingyuedingsuchengle。shengqiandebiaozhunwangwangzhangwozaibairennanxingshouzhong，neixiexiangyaoshengzhidenvxingyaoantamendebiaozhunhengliang。

三、天花板效应&地板效应

 tianhuabanxiaoyinghedibanxiaoyingzaixintaixueshiyanzhong，changchanghuiyudaoshiyanzhongdeyinbianliangshuipingquyuwanmei(jiejinyuliangbiaode“tianhuaban”)，huozhequyulingxiaoyingdexianxiang。zheixiexiaoyingbeichengweiliangbiaoshuaijianxiaoying(huozhe，gengtongsudichengweitianhuabanhedibanxiaoying)。dangyudaozheizhongqingkuangshi，yanjiuzhegairuheduicijinxingjieshini?shouxianrangwomenlaikanyixiashenmeshitianhuabanxiaoyinghedibanxiaoying。

 zaiyingxiangzhibiaoyouxiaoxingdegezhongyinsuli，tianhuabanxiaoying(ceiling effect)hedibanxiaoying(floor effect)shiyouqidianxingdeqingkuang。zheiliangzhongxiaoyingshizhifanyingzhibiaodeliangchengbugouda，erzaochengfanyingtingliuzaizhibiaoliangbiaodezuidingduanhuozuididuan，congershizhibiaodeyouxiaoxingzaoshousunshi。

 xianlaikanyigetianhuabanxiaoyingdelizi。jiasheyouyigeyanjiuzhexiangyaobijiaoyouyonghepaobudejianfeixiaoguo。tazhaolailianggefeipangderenzuobeishi，shouxianyongyijiataichengchengtamendetizhong，faxianlianggebeishidetizhongzhenghaodoushi300bang。ranhou，zheilianggebeishikaishijianfeijihua，yigetongguopaobujianfei，lingyigeyouyong。jigeyuehou，lianggerenyouyiciyongtongyijiataichengchengtizhong，jieguofaxianlianggerendetizhongdoushi250bang。

 yanjiuzherenweilianggerendoujianzhong50bang，yinciduandingpaobuheyouyongdejianfeixiaoguoyiyanghao。danshiyanjiuzhehushileyigeyanzhongdewenti，neijiushitasuoyongtaichengdeliangchengshi0～300bang，bunengchengchuzheilianggerendequeqietizhong。(ruguoyongyigefanweizugoudadechengquchengdehua，yigebeishishi300bang ，erlingyigeshi350bang 。tongguopaobujianfeidebeishijianzhong50bang，ertongguoyouyongdebeishijianzhongle100bang)youyulianggebeishidetizhongdouyijingdaodalefanyingzhibiaoliangchengdezuidingduan，zhishitamengezidejianfeixiaoguomeiyouzhenzhengditixianchulai。zheijiushiyigetianhuabanxiaoyingdewenti。

 zailaikanyigedibanxiaoyingdelizi。jiarunijiaoyigedongzuobutaixiediaodepengyoudabaolingqiu。nirenweijiangshangkeyitigaozuoyeshuiping，yincimeidangtadayigequanzhongnijiuweitamaiyibeipijiu。ranernidepengyoujiangqiudourengdaogouliqule。zheiyang，nibunengtigongjiangshangle，erqienihaiyuqitadezuoyeshuipinghuisuizhelianxicishudezengjiaerjiangdi。danyouyuzaimeiyoubigouliqiugengdideshuipingle，suoyiniguanchabudaochengjiderenhexiajiang，cishinipengyoudezuoyeshuipingyijingdaolefanyingzhibiaoliangchengdezuididuan。zheijiushidibanxiaoying。

 tianhuabanhedibanxiaoyingdouzuaileyinbianliangduizibianliangxiaoguodezhunquefanying，zaixuanzefanyingzhibiaoshiyingnulibimian。neimegaizenyangbimianni。tongchangdefangfashi：changshizhexiantongguoshiyanshejiqubimianjiduandefanying，ranhouzaishizhetongguoceshishaoliangdexianqibeishilaikaochatamenduirenwucaozuodefanyingqingkuang。ruguobeishidefanyingjiejinzhibiaoliangchengdedingduanhuodiduan，neimeshiyanrenwujiuxuxiuzheng。liru，zaiyigejiyishiyanzhongruguojiyichengjitaihao，neijiukeyizengjiachengxiandecailiaoyijiangdizuoyeshuiping。

 yucixiangsi，ruguobeishiwanchengdetaizaogao，jihujibuzhurenhedongxi，neimejiuyaotongguojianshaoshijicailiao、fangmanchengxiansududengfangfashirenwubianderongyixie。shejishiyanrenwuhefanyingzhibiaodezhidaosixiangshiyingshibeishidefanyingqingkuangfenbuzaizhibiaoliangchengdezhongdengfanweinei。neime，caozuozibianliangshi，beishifanyingshuipingdetigaohuojiangdidounengbeiguanchadao。

 jinshendeyanjiuzhezaishishikenengbeitianhuabanhuodibanxiaoyingwurandeshiyanqian，xianzuohaoyubeishiyan。yubeishiyannengshiyanjiuzhelejiedaoshiyanzhongcunzaideyouguanshejihuoshiyanchengxufangmiandewenti。lejieshenmeshitianhuabanxiaoying、dibanxiaoyingjiqibimiandefangfa，jiangyouzhuyujinxingyanjiudexintaixueshiyansheji、shiyanshishiguochengheshiyanjieguodetaolunhejieshi。